Human Trafficking Essay - 871 Words

After the illegal drug-trade human trafficking is the fastest increasing criminal industry. Human trafficking is commonly referred to as modern-day slavery. This is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor or for exploitation. Exploitation referring to the use of others for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, or the removal of organs. Woman and young children living in poverty are the ones who usually fall in the trap of the traffickers. Due to poverty many women are not educated and are not employed leaving them with no choice but to sell their bodies to provide for their families. An approximated 17,500 foreigners are trafficked each year in the United States alone, the†¦show more content†¦oviding information on human trafficking because no nation is immune from thisShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking in China Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Situation of Human Trafficking in China 3 Causes 5 Possible Solution 7 Conclusion 8 Bibliography Read More human trafficking Essay778 Words   |  4 Pages human trafficking issues: the article starts out with a clear emphasis on the cooperation between the different segments of society; cooperation between the state, civil society , and religious groups and institutions on the issues of human trafficking and prostitution, stating how they are immoral, illegal, unethical and how they should be considered as a taboo by societies in Europe, especially Cyprus since the exploitation of women has been rapidly increasing recently. Where all the 800barsRead MoreHuman Trafficking in Canada Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesRomanian women were found being victimized to human trafficking in Montreal. These women were lured to Canada hoping that they would find a better future but instead were forced into prostitution (2013). Human trafficking is an issue that is rarely acknowledged by Canadians. Most people are either unaware of the problem or do not recognize it as something that is happening in their own backyard. Although Canadians are exposed to the severity of human tr afficking in other countries, Canadian citizens areRead More Human Trafficking Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking is the unlawful trade of human beings for various purposes such as reproductive slavery or sex slavery. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC] protocol on trafficking, â€Å"Trafficking in Persons is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receivingRead Morehuman trafficking essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Human trafficking is the fastest increasing criminal industry in today’s world, coming in second after illegal drug-trade. This type of slavery has been traced back to the ancient Mesopotamian and Mediterranean civilization and has continued to grow. What is human trafficking? Commonly referr ed to as modern-day slavery is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor or for exploitation. Exploitation referring to the using others for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forcedRead MoreHuman Trafficking is Slavery Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages In this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the illegal drug-trade human trafficking is the fastest increasing criminal industry. Human trafficking is commonly referred to as modern-day slavery. Thi s is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor or for exploitation. Exploitation referring to the use of others for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, or the removal of organs. Woman and young children living in poverty are the ones who usually fall in the trap of the traffickersRead MoreEssay on Human Trafficking 1765 Words   |  8 Pagesfor human trafficking—with tens of thousands of people trafficked into the country each year. Many people believe that since the United States is the land of opportunities, events like human trafficking do not exist; little do they know it happens everywhere. Human trafficking is a worldwide problem that plagues the United States; many people are oblivious to the issue and action needs to be taken to protect the innocent people who are involved. The United States is a major port for human traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay793 Words   |  4 Pagesmarriage and prostitution on the rise, it leaves a great gap for perverts everywhere. The civil war was once upon a time and we must keep it that way. Being the most prominent part of the sex industry human trafficking is bubbling. In fact just this past month the number of human trafficking that occurred in South Africa, spiked due to the world cup (Barr and Noren 1). With testosterone and hype in the air any male will say yes to a good rump in the sacks. As we know when things are going on outsideRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesslavery was abolished in the United States. At least that it was most Americans believe but that is not the case. In today’s society we have an issue that is just a horrific as slavery back in the day. It is the trafficking of women and children. The online Oxford Dictionary defines human trafficking as, â€Å" the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.† Therefore, this is modern day slavery. Women and children are being tortured, abused, and

Marketing Innovation Free Essays

string(1191) " strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place After more than a decade of development, Daimler begins to commercialize its experimental fuel-cell-powered- electric car Next step: to develop this new product into alternative product concepts – Concept 1: A moderately priced subcompact designed as a second family car to be used around town Concept 2: A medium-cost sporty compact appealing to young people – Concept 3: An inexpensive subcompact green car – Concept 4: A high-end sport –utility vehicle \(SUV\) appealing those who love the space Phase 3: Marketing strategy development \* Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place \* Identify the target market \* Estimate its size \* Determine how the product can be positioned \* Plan pricing, distribution and promotion expenditures Phase 4: Technical development \* The product moves into product develop RD or engineering devel ops the product concept into a physical product â€Å"Look beyond simply creating products that satisfy consumers needs and wants†¦ Companies work to fashion products that are both satisfying and easy to manufacture\." Marketing Innovation â€Å"Because the purpose of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has two—and only two—basic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. † Peter Drucker (The Father of Management Theory) INTRODUCTION Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now American Marketing Association 2007) An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations. (OECD 2005) Four types of innovations are distinguished: product innovations, process innovations, marketing innovations and organizational innovations. (OECD 2005) * A product (service) innovation is the introduction of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended uses. This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other functional characteristics. * A process innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software. * An organizational innovation is the implementation of a new organizational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace organization or external relations. A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing. The OCED’s definition is too narrow : it reduces the scope of marketing by separating between marketing, product innovation and delivery. If we mixed the two definition we can propose that with a marketing lenses an innovation is : â€Å"the implementation of a new or significa ntly improved method, process or practices in creating, communicating, delivering, and xchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large† * Innovation in marketing could be related to : * The creation (Iphone), * The communication (Web2. 0), * The delivery (Internet), * Or exchanging (Michelin) * offerings that have value 2 Main objective: Understanding and mastering the process from new ideas generation to new value offering for the stakeholders Degree of differenciation of consumer expectations| Degree of improvement in technology | | Low | High| Low | Continuous innovation(cordless phone)| Market breakthroughts (parabolic skis)| | High| Technology breakthroughts (passage from video players to DVD player)| Radical innovation(cell phone)| Innovation continuum Continuous innovation * Modification to an existing product that does not require a change in learning * Improvement of an existing product without major changes Dynamically Conti nuous Innovations * Modification to an existing product that requires a modest amount of learning or change in behavior to use it Discontinuous innovation (radical innovation) Major changes in the way we live * Product innovation which break the rules and the norms * New consumption behaviors and use * Technology Example: Sharing documents on Internet, Downloading musics, E-business and virtual stores, Free software, Hybrid cars New product development process 3 Phase 1: Idea Generation Sources of new ideas * Internal idea sources: * Formal research and development * â€Å"Intrapreneurial† programmes * External idea sources: * Customers * Pilot customers : Pilot customers methods The estimated annual sales of new products developed based on ideas generated by pilot customers are eight times higher than estimated sales of innovations developed from more traditional methods. Pilot Customer: users †¢Brainstorming  : Characteristics of brainstorming | 1. | Write a clear, focused objective | 2. | Select participants for the team | 3. | Prepare for the session | 4. | At the session – Rules for brainstorming. | Rules: * A conversation at the same time * Be focused on the subject * Be visual (drawing) * Encourage crazy ideas * The quantity is more important than the quality * Negative comments have to be avoided No interruptions from outside Role of the team leader: * Contribute to, but not inhibit the flow of ideas * Don’t be too controlling * Encourage participation from everyone * Introduce creative games * Call the â€Å"time out† to review and evaluate ideas that have been generated Method * Write a list of ideas (uses) * Classify ide as thanks to criteria * Find common points between application : â€Å"pseudo segments† 4 Interviews Motivation * Focus group / individual interviews Characteristics of focus group | Group size | 8 to 12 | Group composition | Homogeneous: respondents prescreened | Physical setting | Relaxed, informal atmosphere | Time duration | 1 to 3 hours | Recording | Record all the discussion with sound an video | Moderator | Observational, interpersonal, communication skills | * Individual interview  : Type of interview | Required skills | Structured interview | Neutrality, no prompting, no improvisation | Semi-structured interview | Some probing, rapport with interviewee, understanding the aims of the project | Open-ended interview or depth interview | Flexibility, rapport with interviewee, active listening | Focus group | Facilitation skills, flexibility, ability to stand back from the discussion so that group dynamics can emerge | Characteristics of semi-structured individual interviews | Group size | Face to face, one-one-one basis | Interview structure | Semi-structured, direct, personal interview. Use of an interview guide | Physical setting | Relaxed, informal atmosphere | Time duration | One hour | Recording | Use of audiocassettes and videotapes | Moderator | Observational, interpersonal, communication skills | * 5 Focus on semi-structural individual interview Questioning style * Open ended, non-directive * Little or no direction on how to answer * Relate to topic in own way * Use own language Probing – for detail, depth, clarification – Prompting – encouraging respondent to answer * Non-verbal, repeating, rephrasing, summarising * Salespeople * Service providers * Anyone with direct customer contact * Competitors  : Companies watch competitors’ ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products * Distributors, suppliers and ot hers  : Companies watch competitors’ ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products Example of Brainstorming: anti-odor product First step: write a list of uses * Dirty socks, Ashtrays, Changing rooms, Refrigerators, Elevators, Subway tunnels†¦ * Second step: classify ideas * Development of a notation system * A Possible today * B possible soon * C difficult and risky * Criteria * Technicity faisability, cost, market accessibility, competitors, time of solution * Third step: Find common points How customers can use the product| Passage from 80 ideas to 8  « pseudo-market segments  »| What is its added value? | Deodorization public places| Types of customers| Chemicalplants| Places| Household odors†¦. | Phase 2: Product development * Expand ideas into more complete product concepts * Describe features the product should have and benefits those features will provide * 6 Evaluate chance for success * Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place After more than a decade of development, Daimler begins to commercialize its experimental fuel-cell-powered- electric car Next step: to develop this new product into alternative product concepts – Concept 1: A moderately priced subcompact designed as a second family car to be used around town Concept 2: A medium-cost sporty compact appealing to young people – Concept 3: An inexpensive subcompact green car – Concept 4: A high-end sport –utility vehicle (SUV) appealing those who love the space Phase 3: Marketing strategy development * Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place * Identify the target market * Estimate its size * Determine how the product can be positioned * Plan pricing, distribution and promotion expenditures Phase 4: Technical development * The product moves into product develop RD or engineering develops the product concept into a physical product â€Å"Look beyond simply creating products that satisfy consumers needs and wants†¦ Companies work to fashion products that are both satisfying and easy to manufacture. You read "Marketing Innovation" in category "Essay examples" † Phase 5: Marketing Test * It lets the company test the product and its entire marketing programme – positioning, advertising, distribution, pricing, branding and budget levels Phase 6: Commercialization Launch the product! * Full scale production * Distribution * Advertising * Sales promotion * and more 7 INNOVATING BY SERVICES Innovation and Marketing Decision: The customers’ values issue An economic opportunity exists for an innovation when a new value proposition to customer is possible Agreeing the PSS statement (Product Service System)  «Ã‚  What is important is not our offer but what our customers do with it  Ã‚ », there are three kinds of value propositions for an innovation. Innovation and the first customer’s value proposition: * Customer Values are embedded in a three stages consumption scenario. * These stages define three kinds of value. * Stage 1: Decision (potential value) * Stage 2: The exchange (value in exchange) Stage 3: usage (value in use) Innovation in potential value First innovative value proposition: Innovation concerning the facilities The facilities include all company resources: employees, know-how, technology, nominal goods †¦ and other facilities that must be accessible (before offer provision is feasible). Make perceptible the strength of a promise POTENT IAL VALUE from facilities stage in an offer provision scenario, ex IBIS Hotel 8 POTENTIAL VALUE from facilities stage in a service provision scenario: ex vending machine Innovation in value in exchange Second innovative value proposition : Innovation concerning the transformation process This is the stage in which company resources are combined with other companies’ resources in order to transform them. Companies act as prime resources integrators and the innovation consists of new ways of co-operating, collaborating, co-branding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In this case, these values in exchange will have to be new values in use for the customers †¦ to be successful VALUE IN EXCHANGE from the exchange stage in an offer provision scenario: ex Senseo, Nike+ iphone app This transformation stage can also exhibit innovation concerning CUSTOMER VALUE in EXCHANGE. Offer provision can include a transformation of customer resources in terms of persons (surgery, hair cuts†¦), physical objects (e. g. car repairs†¦), nominal good (e. g. investment banking, rights (e. g. lawyers.. ) and/or data (tax advisors†¦)†¦ It contains elements which are either pre-prepared within producers’ facilities, or are co-produced by customer and provider during the integration and the transformation of customer resources. Innovation consists of changing the way of integrating the customers’ resources with those of the producers’ VALUE IN EXCHANGE. Innovation in producers-customers co-production: ex Wikipedia Innovation and the third Customer’s Value proposition. Innovation in customer’s value in use The usage stage exhibits CUSTOMER VALUE IN USE. Innovation consists of proposing to customer new values in use, perceived as new solutions. Ex: Wii for the seniors Definition of servicization The key idea behind product service systems is that consumers do not specifically demand products, per se, but rather are seeking the utility these products and services provide. By using a service to meet some needs rather than a physical object, more needs can be met with lower material and energy requirements. A product service system is a competitive system of products, services, supporting networks and infrastructure. The system includes product maintenance, parts recycling and eventual product replacement, which satisfy customer needs competitively and with lower environmental impact over the life cycle. â€Å"A Product-Service System can be defined as the result of an innovation str ategy, shifting the business focus from designing and selling physical products only, to selling a system of products and services which are jointly capable of fulfilling specific client demands. Meeting consumers’ needs with a mix of products and services is not a new concept. House rentals, hotels, taxis and restaurants are good examples based on economic interest. There are other new and innovative applications of product service systems that have developed as a response to make business more sustainable. The main difference between product service systems and the classic examples is that the preference of consumers is influenced by environmental, as well as economic interests. Source: UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMICS 10 Innovation by servicization : an attractive way to Innovate on the markets Three ways to develop innovation by servicization : 1- Product oriented services Provided to increase or optimize the product life cycle, these supplementary services are offered to guarantee functionality and durability of the product (e. g. maintenance and repair, upgrading and substitution services over a specified time period, advise and consultancy for use optimisation, etc. ). 2- Usage oriented services The product is made available in a different form to the customer, is sometimes shared by number of users, but stays in ownership with the provider. It is the usage of the product rather than the product itself that is invoiced, without transfer of ownership (e. g. car sharing or car pooling, tools location, financial leasing, etc. ). Ex: http://www. lamachineduvoisin. fr/ 3- Result-oriented services (functional economy) Result-oriented services (or functional services): in this most accomplished form of servicization, the seller does not sell a product anymore to the customer, but the desired result rendered by the product. Rather than selling pesticides to farmers for example, the seller decides to offer a global service contract that guarantee a maximal acceptable loss on crops. A BM based on the sold products quantity A BM based on a service rate Sell a maximum loss rate on crops Firm in functional service is looking for less costly alternating solutions as the reintroduction of parasitics predatories or the earth reoxygenation by earthworms or using RD in biology, agronomy, entomology.. The competitiveness of the seller depends on its ability to optimise the PSS implemented to reach this goal and to use the least possible resources and energy to reach the targeted acceptable loss. Such functional services are implemented with great success by companies such as Xerox (Xerox Global Services) or Michelin (Michelin Fleet Solutions) for example. How to cite Marketing Innovation, Essay examples

Mice Industry Analysis of Shenzhen China free essay sample

Purpose The purpose of this report is to analyze the MICE industry in a new develop area. The author have chosenShen Zhen, China to be the area where need to deeply analyzed. The analysis will include market share for surrounding areas and the characteristic in relation with both general and tourism development. There is also going to be an analysis discovering why investors would like to choose this particular area as their future MICE development. Apart from that, the author will also clearly state which type of MICE fits the best in this area for both current and future developments. Last, the author will evaluate the destination with PEST analysis in order to have a clear vision what are pros and cons of this area as MICE destination. The author will be gathering information from government data base online, in order to generates useful figures that can be analyze. The author will also do a site visit to Shen Zhen to discover more about this area in order to have more clear vision on the development of the city. 1. Background Information The city of Shen Zhen also known as â€Å"City of Peng† is a modern international city which also being foreseen as the next important economic city after Shanghai and Hong Kong. Apart from economic and the size of the city, the city Shen Zhen also coherent as the garden city, many plants and flowers surround the city. (Chinese National Geography 2012) On 26th Aug 1980 follow by the announcement of China state council; the city is then officially becoming one of the major cities among China. Its swift development has not only amazed China but also the world. Today’s Shen Zhen is a major technological development center, the fourth biggest terminal for both airplane and container ships. It is also a good tourist destination due to its good geographical location; the city is adjacent with Hong Kong. Many tourist travel from Hong Kong to main land by pass this city. The economic, business and tourism growth allowing Shen Zhen to become a pivotal position in China (Shen Zhen Gov 2011). The city of Shenzhen is located in the east coast of the Pearl River Delta, under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province; it is adjacent to Hong Kong. The citys average altitude is 70-120 meters. The city area is 1,991. 64 m2, a subtropical maritime climate zone, warm seasons, plenty of sunshine and rich in fruits. By end of 2011, the city has 1046. 74 million of residence population and out of which 13. 22 million were migrate populations. The GDP of Shen Zhen is ranked 4th among China, the GDP growth rate is 10% and the average GDP per person is 18. 000 USD (CEINET 2011). The history of Shen Zhen is fairly short only 30 years of time, but there are some major changes amongthese 30 yrs. f time. However according to anthropology the movement history of mankind on this land can be traced back to 6700 yrs. ago. At dynasty of Song, the city of Shen Zhen has already become a major port for domestic transportation; it was the main pivot for transporting daily goods. Due to the loss of the war, the Shen Zhen have to be break in to a part and some of them were under control by the GB. The city then starting to be separate into two parts. One falls under the manipulate by the government of Hong Kong, and the other one belongs to China. Due to the transportation issues, a rail way that link between Guang zhonu and Kowloon is established and the rail bypass this city allowing it to be more of economic growth. Follow by the further development, on 2004, the city of Shen Zhen becomes first china’s no rural area city and its position same as the first line city. And maybe in the future it will be promote as municipality city like Shanghai, Beijing, etc (Shen Zhen Devp 2011). 1. 3 Reason The reason why author have chosen city as their MICE destination to analyze is because this city has being the next major center for both culture, social and economical development. Due to the location of the city, the tourism industry can be forseen as an important destination. Many of the development and growth will allowing this area to become a good MICE destination. And these development can bring large market segment. And which allowing the city to have swift growth in both tourism and events industries. 2. Findings and Analysis 2. 1 Cooperate market 2. 1. 1 Economic Zone The establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has come into the golden age, the Shenzhen hotel industry as well as its international reputation development is now being steady and fast forward. In particular, the past 10 years, the development of Shenzhens star is bright constantly, matures, gradually from unity to the personalized features of diversified development, rich format makes the Shenzhen star hotel full access to the golden period. By the end of 2010, Shenzhen has been constructed over 55 five-star hotel, a total of 153 starred properties. The average occupancy rate in 2010 is 62. 44%, the Shenzhen hotel industry has involved more than 10 million people, with the annual revenue of over ten billion Yuan. In 2011, there were in total 8 senior standards properties grand opening taking place in Shenzhen , a total of 2,680 new rooms (sets) has come into service. During this time, the biggest highlight of the tourism market in Shenzhen is the start of the construction of a large number of luxury hotels. There are even more striking highlights in Shenzhens tourism market are being progressed. 2. 1. 2 Hotel Market People believe that the emergence of the super-star hotel is one of the remarkable symbols of prosperity within a region. It will dress up the city to a certain extent; improve the visibility of the city. More importantly, the emergence of the super-star hotel, will meet the needs of Shenzhen, an increasing number of high-end international business travelers. On the other hand, the government has just released the 15-year tourism development plan, and also to encourage the building more four-star plus hotels in the upcoming years. For Shenzhen hotel market, their main customer base is constituted with business individuals, FIT, groups and MICE (large-scale conferences and exhibitions). These tourists mainly come from the domestic individuals, because the development of international market are still in downturn. The main reason for this phenomenon is caused by the current business model of the hotel itself. Shenzhen as a special economic zone in China has been pursuing the development model of opening up to the outside world. However, the hotel industry started quite late. The main impetus of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has been relied on domestic investment to attract foreign capital, after the past three decades of urban development. The best timing of hospitality industry development has finally come. The government plan is as follows. Firstly, to lay the foundation for their own domestic market, during this time, gradually attracting tourists from overseas in the development process. Which the construction of super five-star hotel is the hotel industry in Shenzhens efforts in order to attract overseas visitors. Secondly, to build the reputation around the world by taking opportunities of attending international fairs. Lastly, to comprehensively open the foreign market and seek for the best suited target market. 2. 2 Industries and Cooperation As the most successful Special Economic Zone(SEZ), Shenzhen has differentiated itself from many other mainland cities, for its predetermined positioning is not focused on natural tourism nor large-scale industry, but high-tech and financial industries, and these has promoted Shenzhen to be competitive and qualified to enter the globalization and to attract foreign investments. Consequently, due to the corporation of numerous world leading brands leaguing, convention and exhibition industry as well as modern design industry are developing rapidly, in 2008, Shenzhen was titled as World Design Capital (WDC) by UNESCO. . 2. 1 High-tech industry The excellent ability of creativity, expedient supporting environment and favorable established policies have dedicated the development of Shenzhens advanced technology industry. The production value, and Ramp;D investment are both ranked in top places in China, it has also achieved many laurels and nominations around the world. The mature fields of technology are communication, computeramp; Software, and pharmaceutical industry. ed by the Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Park(SHIP), there are various research institutes located in the high-tech zone, owing to the neighborhood integration with Hong Kong, the outpouring talents keep gathering together and contributing to the industry. 2. 2. 2Financial industry Along with Shanghai, Shenzhen is one of the two stock exchanges of China, the financial industry has always been the leading industry of Shenzhen, by the end of 2010, and the Global Financial Centers Index of London announced Shenzhen the 9th banking center in the world. The GDP percentage of Financial industry is increasing annually and stabilized in 2011. Besides, Followed by the opening of the branch of Nan yang commercial Bank in 1982, Shenzhen has attracted many Hong Kong owned international banks, by the end of 2006, there were 38 foreign financial institutions introduced in Shenzhen. 2. 2. 3 Convention and exhibition industry Shenzhen is one of the top MICE destination in mainland China, the Shenzhen Watch Fair has ascended to the third best exhibition around the world, besides, the development of jewelry and furniture exhibitions are also a representative success. In 2011, there were 102 exhibitions took place in Shenzhens Convention and Exhibition Centre. Apart from the great success in China, there were up to 9 exhibition brands (High-tech Fair, ICCIE, CPSE, and CIOE. etc. ) which achieved international certifications granted by Union of International Fairs (UFI). The Convention amp; Exhibition Centre is located in the downtown and covers an area of 220K square meters, equipped with multi-functions which can accommodate and host all kinds of business activities and shows. 2. 2. 4 Interested for investment in the location. SWOT analysis: S: 1). Well-educated professionals can provide any services in need. 2). The superior reputation has promoted Shenzhen to be international branding destination. 3). The geographic superiority is easy to be accessed by different means of transportation. W: 1). The city was first developed in the late 70’s; therefore the local culture and civilization are not strong and clear. 2). Local citizens do not speak many foreign languages, even English. 3). The limited capacity is not competitive compare to Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. O: 1). Favorable policies established by central government which stimulated the development of the urbanization. ). The financial industry can easily attract foreign investments and the tertiary industry is green and stabilized, which generates enormous GDP. 3). The integration with Hong Kong has built a reliable strategic partnership, which results in many positive impacts. T: 1). The Financial industry is directly influenced by the global economy; Shenzhens economy can be shocked easily by any existing economic crisis i n the world. 2). The ever-increasing crime rate is hitting the reputation really bad. 3). Road transport is getting more crowed as well as the overpopulation. In summary of the SWOT analysis, the best-interested industry in Shenzhen is technology industry; the fabulous atmosphere and the outpouring elites are the driving force of Shenzhens tertiary industry. With the support of flowing capital, the development of the industry keeps growing steadily. The neighborhood relationship with Hong Kong has implemented Shenzhen to transform into a more similar projection, it helps Shenzhen to imitate and inherit its existing financial and technology industry. The location of Shenzhen is in the utmost condition, close to the sea but without many direct impacts caused by natural disasters. 2. MICE Type Due to the accomplishment of Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition center, Shenzhen is now capable for holding all kind MICE activities and enabled itself to attract international firms to place their head quarters here. There are many big public projects such like commercial and international trade center are currently in progress and hopefully to be esta blished in the close future, most of the projects are aiming to construct skyscrapers in order to maximize and enlarge spaces for conference center. As one of the largest commercial cities in south China, Shenzhen has close relationship in business with Hong-Kong. The convenient location also enables people from Hong-Kong to be engaged in business affairs in Shenzhen, language skills is also a plus since the residents in Shenzhen speak both Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese. 2. 3. 1 Meeting: Shenzhen is suitable for business projects as well as MICE since the market positioning is focused on welcoming foreign investments, therefore, the number of demands for meeting in Shenzhen city is growing up steadily. In order to adapt the huge demand, an increasing number of conference centers are being established. 2. 3. Incentive: The Incentive opportunities in Shenzhen city are quite limited. Because the capacity of Shenzhen is not competitive with other incentive destinations in China, even though there are many facilities and chambers can be relied on holding team buildings, there are not so many outdoor natural sights available in Shenzhen. This difficulty prevents Shenzhen from holding business incentives. 2. 3. 3 Conference: There are small quantity of conferences in Shenzhen city nowadays due to the limited size of businesses and available size of Mice facility. However, with the rapid speed of growing in business and Mice facilities, in the close future, this business door would be open widely to the world. 2. 3. 4 Exhibition: As mentioned before, Shenzhen is convenient for international and national companies to locate their head quarters. Since there are plenty of brand new exhibitors are imminently eager to present their products as well as making branding effect, one of the most favorable and common method to adapt all of these demands is exhibition. Therefore, the city has large demand from these companies. To conclude this part, the most suitable MICE for Shenzhen city at the moment are meeting and exhibitions due to the mentioned reasons. However, the city still has promising chances to develop other MICE in the future. 2. 3. 5 Marketing Tool The markets, a destination’s website are an important marketing tool for interest, understanding and substitute estimate. Thus, Shenzhen attracts for the business people as well as individuals because there are more industries established currently. Social media is becoming more important as tools for all steps of the consumption sequence in Shenzhen. There is some marketing tools are following ways: web presence, social media, direct marketing and advertising etc. however, the marketing tools that the journalists select for Shenzhen are social media promotion and advertising. Furthermore, the target market of Shenzhen is especially for businessmen, which are from different countries of commercial industries. Such as Tinton Sportswear, Kokma Industrial limited, Shenzhen Huayao Power limited and Shenzhen Himatch Technology Co. , Ltd etc. In Shenzhen will invest more in conferences and meeting as two segments in the future generation and it is more possible but no so popular in the field. Moreover, Shenzhen is the finest destination as the tourists and business industry and in the future they have more offer projects to establish. The media and advertising in Shenzhen is served by variety of daily newspapers, including the daily. 2. 4 PEST Analysis 2. 4. 1 Politic Shenzhen is the first Special Economic Zone in China. It is the first city to implement the policy of reform and opening up, it’s published two guideline documents indicating a shift towards reform of the political system recently. â€Å"The Shenzhen city government website published a draft document outlining a 19-point reform program for Shenzhen. The first 8 points focused on political, governmental and administrative reforms and the remaining 11 points dealt with the economy, society, education, health, and culture. †(Yujia, 2008). However, Shenzhen is attract foreign tourist and business in a global city of economics. In Shenzhen, the officials are promoted if they develop the local economy. Proposing political reform is a risky business with no certain benefits. (Yujia, 2008). The city of Shenzhen has their own economy in the city, which will not affect by other city in China. 2. 4. 2 Economic Shenzhen is located and in the south of Guangdong province in Hong Kong. It is the contact between mainland of china and Hong Kong. Shenzhen is the lead of high-technology development, financial service city in China. It is consisted special Economic Zone with a floor space of 2020 square kilometers and a population of 1. 9 million. Under economic liberalization policies of the 1980s, it’s carried out by reformist leader Deng Xiaoping, the city became China’s first and ultimately the most successful Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The economy in Shenzhen is growing faster and faster. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Thirty years ago, Shenzhens total economic output was only 0. 3 percent of Hong Kongs, but now the proportion is 57 percent and in the next 5 to 10 years, Shenzhen will catch up with Hong Kong in a certain year. †(Peoples Daily Online, 2010). In the year of 2011, the GDP grows by 10. 0 percent to 1. 15. The total average annual economic growth of Shenzhen has reached 25. 8 percent, it is turning from a small town to a largest city in China. According the information, it shows the Shenzhen city economic is very stable and it is growing rapidly. Shenzhen placed second in global rankings of economic strength compiled by the U. K. Economist Intelligence Unit in March 2012. (Shenzhen Municipal E-government Resources Center, 2012). 2. 4. 3 Social Although Shenzhen is a small city and little visit by international tourists. However, it is famous for architecture, shopping, travel, restaurant and bars. Nowadays in Shenzhen city, the social enterprise is organized that applies to the commercial strategies in order to maximize the improvement in human and environmental. The city of Shenzhen has increased and build up by Shenzhen’s famous architecture, amusement park, museums and galleries, such as window of the world, splendid China Chinese Folk Culture Village, Happy Valley Theme Park, Minsk World, OCT East. Shenzhen is growing up rapidly from a fishing village to a small city and It is one of the city that attract international tourist in China. 2. 4. 4 Technology Since 1997, Shenzhen has grown into a period of speedy development, in which new economic records have been made every year. Shenzhen Hanging Electronic Technology Co. Ltd. It was established in February 1994 by Shenzhen Gas Group Co. Ltd and Hong Kong Guangmin Industry Ltd. (Shenzhen Hanguang Electronic Technology Co. Ltd, 2007). It is the first company, which approves international quality guarantee system, and the products have received various honors awarded from the customers and in the national. Shenzhen is the largest electronics manufacturers city that is located in China. Most of the products such as: Apple, HP, Samsung and Nokia among the companies are in Shenzhen. As most of the products and companies produce in Shenzhen. It is the largest and most influential exhibition of high technologies in China. 3. Conclusion Analyzing of all the information, the author have clearly conduct the feasibility study for implement the MICE market in to city Shen Zhen. The report also archive all the relevant analysis from the perspective of the market all the way till the MICE development type. Through out the studies of secondary data and information, and giving critical analysis and evaluations, the indication of proving that Shen Zhen has the capability to become the potential MICE destination. The city of Shen Zhen has the ability to host many of various types of MICE in cooperative market with other industries. The infrastructure of the city clearly stand out that this city is ready for a large income of visitors for MICE purposes. And the swift development of economy would boom the city growth in to another high peak point. On the other hand, the government also takes close attention towards Shen Zhen. Just after the new election of the Chinese State council, Chairman Xi has chosen Shen Zhen to be the first city to visit among the whole China. Clearly statement has also been noticed that the Chinese government would bring the city Shen Zhen in level with Shanghai and Guangzhou. Yet, Shen Zhen does not host big major meetings or having large input of MICE industry coming in. however the analysis have made its point, that the city Shen Zhen are ready to become one of the MICE destination in Asia. Lastly, the PEST analysis of Shen Zhen evaluates once again the city of its capability to become a MICE destination. The result present that this city is ready for MICE. Current Shen Zhen has already become the special economic zone for China and many of the high tech industry.

Leadership in the Movie Apollo 13 free essay sample

Apollo 13 The film, Apollo 13, is based on the real-life crisis that occurred April 13, 1970 on board the Apollo spacecraft. The two main characters, Gene Kranz (Ed Harris) and Jim Lovell (Tom Hanks) are the key players who will address how a leader is able to survive and thrive in a world in which unexpected events occur on a regular basis. They portray the effective styles of leadership in balance with their ever changing surroundings, as well as their ability to maintain their interpersonal relationships with a group under unfavorable conditions.This film is a powerful movie because it makes clear to the viewer just how often disruptions and discontinuities occur. Also, it is an excellent example of how leaders must be able to meet the challenges posed by unexpected, chance events. The characters Jim Lovell and Gene Kranz are the leaders who are able to meet those challenges. The viewer is able to distinguish early on that Jim Lovell is the leader of the crew consisting of lunar-module pilot Fred Haise (Bill Paxton) and command-module pilot Ken Mattingly (Gary Senise). We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in the Movie Apollo 13 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jim Lovell is charismatic, confident, and cool in a crisis.He leads his crew with a democratic style because he allows free and equal participation in the decision-making processes of an organization or group, and he is keenly aware of his own behavior at all times. His behavior towards his crew is that of a supportive leader. In fact, he is a leader who is aware that his role can change due to the highly volatile environment hi which he works. For example, his first decision was to replace Ken Mattingly with the rookie back-up Jack Swigert (Kevin Bacon) only days before the initial launch of Apollo 13.His decision was made as a result of medical information concerning the exposure of crew member Ken Mattingly to the measles. This decision was not a popular one with Ken Mattingly and was also defended when questioned by a superior. This shows that although Jim Lovell is a friendly and approachable leader, he can make tough decisions in a timely and effective manner, as well as stand by the decision and take responsibility for it. As the film progresses and more disruptions take place he will prove to the viewer that he is a leader who can adapt with each circumstance and maintain his position as leader.He is also able to maintain his influence over his crew. This may be due to the fact that Jim Lovel’s crew are highly trained experts in the field of science as well adults that possess high levels of maturity. This can be supported by the Life-Cycle Theory of Leadership according, Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. According to the Life-Cycle Theory of Leadership, as the level of maturity of followers increases, structure (tasks) should be reduced while socio-emotional support (relationship) should first be increased and then gradually decreased.The maturity level of the followers is determined by their relative independence, their ability to take responsibility, and their achievement-motivation level. Therefore, throughout the film the viewer is able to witness the Life-Cycle Theory of Leadership in full action. For example, Lovell offers support to his crew by creating a friendly atmosphere which allows the members the ability to perform their duties in a pleasant environment. The result of the highly structured tasks these astronauts are to perform are expected to bring more satisfaction to each member of the crew and increase the desire for extraordinary work.The character Gene Kranz and his style of leadership can also be supported by the Life-Cycle Theory. Gene Kranz is the Prime Flight Controller in Mission Control at Houston. He will have direct contact with Launch Control at Cape Kennedy as well as with Lovell and his crew on board the Apollo space craft. Like Lovell, Kranz has a charismatic, confident, and cool in a crisis persona. He also leads a group of well trained experts that possess a high level of maturity. His situation, however, will become more complex when various disruptions and discontinuities occur.Therefore, Gene will partake in participative leadership as well as autocratic leadership. He involves consulting with subordinates and asking for their suggestions in the decision-making process but also understands he at times must give direct orders that are not to be questioned. An example of his co-mingled style of leadership is evident in a scene where he explains the new mission to those under his authority. The new mission is to forget past procedures and get those boys back home. He also declares, We have never lost an American in space and they sure as hell wont lose one on his watch. This is a leader who is confident in his ability, while simultaneously inspiring the creative process needed by his crew to accomplish the group mission. In other words, he is successful in creating the right environment that will influence creativity and innovation but also keep the element of time as the main objective. An excellent example would be when he issues the order, I want the power procedures now! Therefore, he is a leader who can make a decision on the spot, get results on time, and allow the creative process to flow.The situation, the technicians and engineers, the astronauts in space, and each leaders ability to remain calm and in control help the viewer to understand that plans are subject to breakdown. Success will ultimately depend on a leader and their ability to make a sound decision based on the information they have at hand. It becomes ever so clear that the situation and the behavior of a group are key factors in the success of completing a goal when conditions are less than favorable and always changing.Apollo 13 was able to accurately describe constant disruptions and discontinuities while revealing how a leader responds to those ever changing events. While Apollo 13 was able to convey leaders who could maintain their position of power, the film Lord of the Flies could not. It is evident to the viewer that hi both films the level of maturity of group members are key factors to the success of a leader. For instance, low levels of maturity, like that of the boys in Lord of the Flies, is a good example of when leadership is most likely to fail.In conclusion, Apollo 13 is an excellent film that provides compelling lessons on the need for leaders to be able to successfully deal with discontinuities and unexpected changes. Both of which are vital to the survival and achievement of a group mission or goal. The best lesson that Apollo 13 leaves its’ viewer with, is the positive message that a leader can successfully overcome various disruptions and discontinuities and achieve the organizational mission.

The beast in Lord of the Flies essays

The beast in Lord of the Flies essays (2) Trace the references to the beast in the novel. Try to parallel this with the diminishing sense of order on the island and the boys gradual embracing of Jacks savagery. What is the true nature of the beast on the island that Simon in unable to verbally define? In the novel, there are many references to the beast. Each one illustrates the gradual decline of humanity, and the rising of savagery. Simon is the only boy on the island who truly understands what is controlling the boys on this island, yet he cannot express his thoughts into words clearly, and ends up being killed for even trying. In the beginning, the fear of a "beastie" on the island first stems from a littlun with a distinctive marking, a "mulberry-colored birthmark" on his face, who says the beast comes out at night. Both Ralph and Jack, thinking these to be simply childish nightmares, comfort and more or less manage to convince everyone that there is no beast. It is this same mulberry birthmarked boy, who disappears after the boys' first fire burns out of control across the island. Even though he had probably died in the fire, his disappearance was something that no one had ever accounted for, as no one knew the exact answer. This would have probably led to further speculations about whether there is a beast on the island. Ralph still retains control of the boys, and manages to maintain order. Fear of the beast has not diminished. Instead, that fear has intensified in strength amongst the littluns. Simon brings this to Ralph and Jacks attention when he comments that the children are afraid of the beast as if the beastie or the snake-thing was real. Here, Ralph begins to take this problem more seriously, for he sees its potential to become a full-blown issue, and raises it at the next assembly. The beast has now become a topic of discussion during assembly and the boys now openly express their fears. Simon has bee...

Buddhism and Christianity Essay Example for Free

Buddhism and Christianity Essay Christian (302) , Buddhism (146) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints While both Christianity and Buddhism were religions that encourages kindness and renunciation of wealth, Christianity caused a stir with Jesus’ hatred against the greedy rich and powerful and his alliance with the lower class, which eventually lead to his execution, whereas Buddhism’s leader, Buddha, spread a message that was not threatening to the high class, letting him live his life until his natural death at 80. This Venn diagram compares and contrasts Buddhism and Christianity. It represents my key knowledge and thinking skills by showing my ability to diagnose important similarities and differences between the two major religions, My Venn diagram is okay, but there is room for improvement. It lists some key similarities and differences, but they are worded in an awkward manner. Christianity * First Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire (because of the Christians’ refusal to worship the roman polytheistic religion) * By the time Theodosius was Emperor, Christianity became the preferred official religion of the Roman Empire. * Women’s role in church slowly deteriorated * The Great Schism split Christianity into two religions, Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox. * Saint Paul spread the small religion  * First Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire (because of the Christians’ refusal to worship the roman polytheistic religion) * By the time Theodosius was Emperor, Christianity became the preferred official religion of the Roman Empire. * Women’s role in church slowly deteriorated * The Great Schism split Christianity into two religions, Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox. * Saint Paul spread the small religion Changes Changes Continuities Continuities * Strong denial of gods of other Religions * The Bible stayed a constant Main religious text for Christianity * Extremely Monotheistic * * Went from worshipping Brahma to three deities (Vishnu, Siva and Brahma) * Women were not allowed to perform sacrifices anymore  * Went from having sacrifices of animals to personal sacrifices (fasting) * Changed from Brahmanism and lunar and solar lineages to Hinduism. * Went from worshipping Brahma to three deities (Vishnu, Siva and Brahma) * Women were not allowed to perform sacrifices anymore * Went from having sacrifices of animals to personal sacrifices (fasting) * Changed from Brahmanism and lunar and solar lineages to Hinduism. Changes Changes Continuities Continuities Hinduism Hinduism Open to everyone * Caste system * Intentional misinterpretation of Hindu texts To keep patriarchy While Christianity and Hinduism both had continuities of (respectively) a strong sense of denial of other religions’ gods and a strong caste system, both had major changes such as going from a heavily persecuted religion to the Roman Empire’s official religion and switching from animal sacrifices to personal sacrifices. The two tables show changes and continuities for two  major religions, Christianity and Hinduism. The table shows my key thinking skills by being able to point out key continuities and changes. My Table is a little bit sparse on the continuities side, but the changes for Christianity are plentiful. I need to work on researching with more effort. Although the four main religions, Buddhism, Brahmanism, Hinduism and Christianity affected the role of women, the poor social role of women outside of church was uniform in all the regions of these religions. Patriarchy is very much alive in all of them. My spoke diagram shows a variety of religions. The statements are also positive and negative towards patriarchy. It shows my key thinking skills by displaying quotes for all the statements. My spoke diagram could use more statements, five seems like enough, but more would be better. I think I did a great job on putting quotes for all the statements. Analyze similarities and differences in attitudes and treatment towards women in TWO of the following societies in the Classical period. Han China (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B.C.E.–550 C.E.) Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.–476 C.E.) or Analyze similarities and differences in methods of political control in TWO of the following empires in the Classical period. Han China (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B.C.E.–550 C.E.) Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.–476 C.E.) cause of the cast system and its traditions, India had more of a social code of conduct instead of rigid laws. Tradition of having local princes also was a cause of the fall of the Maurya Empire, because they made it easier to rebel against the main government During the HAN dynasty, Confucianism came back into government with high sights on education, the tradition of using the mandate of heaven ensured that the Han Empire fell by 3rd century CE. And the Qin Empire fell in a mere 20 years since he lost his mandate of heaven Confucianism taught orderly society with relationships. The tradition of bureaucracy in the Chinese government kept power in the wealthy class. * So they traveled on the Silk road and also traveled to Spain and France * All the provinces conquered by the Roman empire now were influenced to become Christians * So he wrote the gospels * So he used the Roman Roads and traveled all across the Empire, spreading the word of Christ * So they traveled on the Silk road and also traveled to Spain and France * All the provinces conquered by the Roman empire now were influenced to become Christians * So he wrote the gospels * So he used the Roman Roads and traveled all across the Empire, spreading the word of Christ Cause and Effect of the spread of Christianity Cause and Effect of the spread of Christianity Cause Effect * Christians were expelled from the Roman Empire * Theodosius made Christianity the  Roman Empire’s Official religion * St. Paul wished to make Christianity A major religion * St. Paul wanted to spread the Religion throughoutCause and Effect of the spread of Buddhism Cause and Effect of the spread of Buddhism Roman Empire Effect * His word was spread in India, but not much more than the Ganges River. * Buddhism spread even more in India, to northern India even. * The monks made the Chinese believe in Buddha * He promised himself to make up for it by spreading Buddhism by erecting stupas Effect * His word was spread in India, but not much more than the Ganges River. * Buddhism spread even more in India, to northern India even. * The monks made the Chinese believe in Buddha * He promised himself to make up for it by spreading Buddhism by erecting stupas * After Buddha’s death monks also traveled in India * Monks traveled along the Silk Road * Asoka was appalled by the bloody Battle of Kalinga Thesis: Although both Christianity and Buddhism spread along the Silk Road, Christianity moved along this trade network because of exiled Christians who were seeking a home away from the Roman Empire, whereas Buddhism spread voluntarily, with monks successfully trying to convert the Chinese. The cause and effect table lists the causes and the effects of the spread of two major religions, Buddhism and Christianity. It displays my abilities to  make connections to major effects and their causes. The table is okay. It has four causes and effects for both religions, which is not great. For Buddhism, it seems a little too focused on monks traveling to spread Buddhism. Although both China and India’s political systems were influenced by tradition, India’s caste system created no need for laws, while the qin dynasty’s legalistic system created very rigid ones. The two flowcharts show a continual effect of tradition or religion on India and China’s political systems. It displays my abilities to connect separate events into one continuous lineage of facts. The flowcharts do point out main ideas I was trying to display, but they seem a little bit incoherent at times. Buddhism and Christianity. (2016, Oct 03). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Evaluation in human services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation in human services - Essay Example Additionally, the staff may fear negative effects that evaluation can have on their employment. This negative implication of evaluation can include lost jobs for employees perceived to have underperformed or due to restructuring those results in elimination of some organizational functions and therefore role of some employees. Employees might also fear evaluation as it might result in increased workload for them especially when there is merging of some functions and roles. Therefore, fear and resistance to evaluation is as a result of employees not knowing the changes that this process will bring in the workplace; therefore, preferring maintenance of the status quo (Shell, 2002). Employee resistance to change is a widespread phenomenon in many workplaces since most of them do not want to be challenged by being asked to abandon routine and adopt new ways of doing things. Consequently, association of evaluation process to change in the way employees perform their duties is likely to en counter resistance (Austin, 2002). Evaluation has an important role in creating efficiency in organization functioning especially if it helps identify areas of waste, even in programs that seem to run successfully. Therefore, it is important that there is cooperation among everyone involved including staff and the management. When evaluation meets staff resistance, this indicates there is a problem that needs to be addressed through either the evaluation itself or prior to conducting staff evaluation. Therefore, the first area of concern when planning to undertake evaluation is to increase staff awareness of the process and possible actions based on results. Fear of evaluation is as a result of the unknown effect it will have on the staff especially as many of the employees wonder if they are going to lose their jobs, have increased workload or be held accountable for negative results. Consequently, evaluation should be done after employees have had adequate information access

Select a type of crime such as rape and write a paper explaining the Research

Select a type of crime such as rape and write a explaining the differences between the consensus and conflict approaches to explaining it - Research Paper Example The paper focuses on two issues: the male-centric conception of rape in current law, and the rape and gender violence as linked to other categories of differentiation. The sociological theories that underpin our understanding of crime and punishment, as well as the justice system have long been the subject of debate by opposing ideological camps. The divergent approaches of â€Å"consensus† and â€Å"conflict† and what approach is the most appropriate lens with which to understand crimes remains to be discussed today, with the debates evolving to meet more modern and complex contemporary problems. It is imperative to begin by defining the concepts. Reid (119) defined the consensus approach as one that â€Å"views the emerging norms and laws of society as representative of the common feeling about what is right and proper; that is, they represent a consensus of views—a mechanism for maintaining social order.† It looks at society as a homogenous whole, without factions or frictions, and making a collective determination on what is right and what is wrong. For example, taking a very recent incident, the harsh punishments m eted against the London street rioters might be deemed appropriate among proponents of the consensus theorists: indeed, the destruction of private property and petty larceny go against collective values and the State must bear down heavily upon those who seek to trample those values. In contrast, the proponents of the conflict theory look at society not as a homogenous whole, but as one wracked by class fault lines. Therefore, laws are not simply collectively-agreed upon rules that establish social order and ensure the efficient and harmonious functioning of society, they are a means by which those who have wealth and power ensure that existing hierarchical arrangements are perpetuated. Whilst Karl Marx did not theorize specifically on criminal justice, his philosophies illumine the conflict theory

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay While spending time thinking about the goal in my life, the only one answer coming up in my mind is to achieve success. But what exactly the word ‘success’ should be defined? Thinking considerably, there are at least two fundamental achievements in life that inspire people. One is to be rich, while another one is to be famous. Though these two words are somehow closely related if you think about the celebrities who are famous and rich at the same time, there are some others who only have high recognition but not rich, such as Mother Teresa who devoted her whole life doing charity for the poor. Therefore, the topic that I am really interested in is about whether to be rich or to be famous is the key word for success. Being famous does not necessary mean bring rich, and vice-versa. Both generally bring satisfaction if brought to one in a positive manner, or in a way he/she intended it to. Because being famous and being rich are both signs leading to success, which in most cases, is the human’s ultimate goal. Being just either rich or famous, other than being a positive thing, could produce highly negative and unwanted end results too. A huge percentage of people are famous as a result of all sorts of negativity, such as criminal acts and negative politics. At the same time, a good part of the world’s drug lords and terrorism-driven groups are fairly rich too. So when does being rich or famous become a good thing? Usually, a combination of being rich and famous, surprisingly, doesn’t do as much harm to coexisting peers, as the former would. Although criminals who fall under lists such as ‘FBI’s Most Wanted’, turn out to be rich and famous, regardless of how they got to where they are. But a bigger portion of the ‘rich and famous’ category are occupied by highly paid movie stars and sportsmen, neither of whom does much harm to the society. What I expect from contrasting their difference is that the readers will realize being famous is the sustainable way to achieve success rather than being rich. In other words, money cannot be used to buy the fame. Though being rich is another sign of success, without being famous, one can be forgotten easily. On the other hand, being famous is eternally recognized by people. Even if they died, the world still praise and remind of their accomplishments. By standing on this opinion, people will not just look forward to making money, but will try themselves on inventing new things, creating beautiful arts, and doing whatever they are interested to become well-known by others and then succeed in their lives. The key word to success should start from being famous and will prove that it is true by giving examples about people who were quite poor but famous and successful in their lives. The contrast presentation will be controlled differently in each slide depending on famous area of those people. As a result, this presentation is worthy to compose because it will be such a good lesson to teach everyone, including myself, to understand the regular basis of being successful in life. Trying to be famous is the first step to achieve sustainable success.

Justice and Moderation of the Soul in The Republic, by Plato Essay exam

In his philosophical text, The Republic, Plato argues that justice can only be realized by the moderation of the soul, which he claims reflects as the moderation of the city. He engages in a debate, via the persona of Socrates, with Ademantus and Gaucon on the benefit, or lack thereof, for the man who leads a just life. I shall argue that this analogy reflecting the governing of forces in the soul and in city serves as a sufficient device in proving that justice is beneficial to those who believe in, and practice it. I shall further argue that Plato establishes that the metaphorical bridge between the city and soul analogy and reality is the leader, and that in the city governed by justice the philosopher is king. The three men discuss justice as if it's a good thing. Glaucon wants Socrates to prove that it is, and argues if it is just to do wrong in order to have justice, or on the other hand, is it unjust to never do wrong and therefore have no justice. For example; a man who lies, cheats and steals yet is a respected member of the community would be living a just life, in comparison to a man who never lied, cheated, nor stole anything but lives in poverty and is living an unjust life. Glaucon assumes the life of a just man is better than the life of an unjust man. Socrates now introduces a new method with use of imagery. He mentions a city and all that's within a city, to be applied in reference to the human soul. There are three cities he speaks of the city of necessity, the city of luxury, and the feverish city. The city of necessity only includes items, such as food, shelter and clothing, needed for survival as well as laborers to provide them. Soon, the laborers begin to expand necessity to comfort, thus forming th... ...s. When justice reigns in man's soul, he is a happy man and rules over his soul like a good ruler rules over a society. When injustice reigns in his soul, he is an unhappy man, just as men under an unjust ruler are unhappy. Injustice always brings bondage, so the man who lives in injustice is in bondage either to his own failings or to an evil society. Whether the just man receives extra rewards beyond the happiness of living in a just soul is beside the point. His soul is his world, and if it is a just one, it is a happy place to live. Works Cited Dunkle, Roger. "The Classical Origins of Western Culture" Brooklyn College, The City University of New York. 1986 . Web. 29 July 2015. http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/netshots/stdygde.htm Plato. Republic. Trans. G.M.A. Grube and C.D.C. Reeve. Plato Complete Works. Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.

Nursing School Barriers

Review of literature valued several other barriers that contribute to student being unsuccessful. The top barriers included lack of financial support, inadequate emotional support, low self-efficacy, and time constraints. A review of the literature found a major barrier interfering with the success of students is financial constraints. Many Of today's students are considered nontraditional and have many responsibilities outside of the classroom that require the student to work. If unable or not allowed to work, students risk losing the necessities needed for survival.For many, working hours are more than or equivalent to he time spent in class. Therefore, the work schedule and hours, interferes with the amount of time the student can dedicate to studying. Students are also working more to cover financial obligations to the school. With the rising cost vitiation, students faced the harsh reality of not being able to afford school (Peterson, 2009). Proactively, many have decided to att end community college instead of a university, in hopes of decreasing the financial burden so the number of hours worked can be decreased.Others are forced to work because the lack of available scholarships or financial aid. Most consider mans as a last result because of the interest rates and the fear of not being able to repay in the future. Nursing school can be mentally, physically and emotionally draining. Many students are not prepared for the challenges the body endures because of the emotional roller coaster of school. Many consider the idea of preparing for a profession where human life can be jeopardized if an error occurs very stressful.At the same times, are surrounded by family and friends who do not understand the ramifications if an error occur. Some students are the first in the family to attend college; therefore, family members may not understand why the student has to choose between family functions and studying. Students can face ridicule from family and friends because there is a lack of understanding as to the amount of time and dedication needed to complete a nursing program successfully. Time constraints also affect student success in nursing school.Students find it difficult to balance personal life and a school schedule. Students find the rigor of nursing school overwhelming. Often, in nursing, students are in the classroom six to eight hours a day and clinical can range from eight to twelve hours, two or three days a week. The school leaves little time for family or extracurricular activities. At least 35% of a student's day is dedicated to class, studying and preparing for the next scheduled class (Department, 2014). Students with families struggle with feeling as though they have abandoned their responsibilities.Mothers returning to the classroom often feel guilt when not able to cook a meal or attend a child's activity. As a result, many withdraw with the hope of returning to school when the children are more independent. Research ers have also found low self-efficacy contributes to the lack of success in the classroom. Self-efficacy is defined as ones belief in actual ability to complete a task (Bandeau, 1997). Thus, self-efficacy is a crucial concept in a student's perception of capability to complete a nursing program.According to Brothers (201 AAA), self-efficacy has become an instrument in evaluating student's outcome in the classroom. Lower self- efficacy students often avoid challenges and set less challenging goals. Many enter nursing programs lacking the confidence to be successful. The students often dwell on personal deficiency and attributes failures to bad luck. Lower self-efficacy students often doubt their ability to successful complete a urging program and often give up when faced with a challenge.

Motion in inferno

The entrance into the second circle of hell marks a descent, a motion downwards, and this type of action is significant both in this fifth canto and throughout the whole of Dante’s Inferno. The theme of motion is dominant in this episode through the use of the winds and rains. It also comes out in other subtler motions that intertwine with the shades and the sins that brought them to this their eternal home.The motions involved here are very frictional. They tell of coming and going, as well as of the conflict between the two. These motions depict a large amount of antagonism, yet they also tell of passivity and subjugation. They underline the posture of the persons involved as well as accentuate their roles in the epic. The motions evident in the poem also give insight into the nature of the hell being depicted. Much can be understood about the degree of the souls’ torment by the types of motion to which they are subjected.The motions of Minos make him out to be a wiel der, and this gives him an air of being in charge. He wields his tail, and with that authority. He â€Å"girdles† and â€Å"entwines† himself, and this motion is symbolic of the extent to which those sent to him will be bound and tormented in hell (Alighieri, 15). It is interesting that the degree of hell itself is depicted itself by a girdling, as each degree entwines a more horrifying one. This shows a unity of action between the motions of Minos and the nature of hell itself.The spirits â€Å"come there before him† (15) and their movement toward him takes place in a manner of subjection. They are at his mercy, just as they will be at the mercy of the events of the hell to which his motion will whisk them. One almost gets from it the idea of the spirits’ genuflection before an elevated Minos. He sends, and that idea depicts a motion away from himself; but it also demonstrates mastery, as the souls who go away from him do so at his bidding. Then, the mot ion with which he sends them is akin to the manner in which they are taken. They are whirled away to the place of their doom.Motions of coming and going occur regularly in this place of gale forces. The motion of the winds is demonstrated by a coming and going. The motion from one circle of hell to the next dooms that spirit to spend eternity in a much more horrifying place. What is more is that each frictional motion to and fro, each coming or going, often happens in fast succession one upon the other, so that it almost seems that they occur at once.The spirits are forced into this frenzied motion by the winds: â€Å"hither, thither, down, up it carries them† (15). This motion echoes their plight. They are forced to come to this place, though in the same instant that they must come, their will is to go. This oscillating motion is indicative of the fact that decision is not granted those who have been condemned to hell. Hell is a place that commands, and all who go there must heed its every whim. There is also nothing inherently rational about that place, or at least its orders are not bound to be so. The vacillation of the winds shows that caprices of punishment are to be expected. Yet all will be punishment.Ideas of combat and battles are expressed by the motion in the passage. Warfare and all that is connected with such an event is present in the episode’s movements. Looting and plundering are involved in these events. The place is described as moving â€Å"as the sea does in a tempest, if it be combated by opposing winds† (15). The winds arise again in this image, but this time their motion creates an atmosphere of battle. This place is one of fighting, where the event smites and molests the â€Å"spirits in its rapine† (15).The whole atmosphere is described as a restless hurricane that pummels the souls that come within its domain. It rushes and blasts them, so that its very motion is of a type that harms and invites (impossibl e) retaliation. The only record of the souls’ giving back damage is in their lamentation, which smites the speaker as he comes near them. Though it is a battle, it is one that is already won for hell. Its pounding motions perpetrate upon its prisoners a torment that grants them no repose.Another motion that depicts the nature of hell is its ability to impose its will upon the damned souls. This ties in with the ideas that have gone before: the souls are often being carried and led. The shades are borne along by strife (15), and their motion in the air forms that of a long line, as the captives are being led in the train of death and damnation. This subjugation to the will of the forces of darkness mirror the subjection these souls once had to their own evil lusts.They are described as having been â€Å"called by desire† (16); called, not just in the sense of a foreign summoning but in the necessity they feel to move toward the source of the calling. These souls find th emselves in hell because of influences upon their actions that have caused their motions toward things. It depicts a resignation to forces that cause actions that in turn lead to the peril of the damned, on whose part passivity (the lack of autonomous motion) is implied.This idea is extended in the stories of those whose love was the precipitant of their doom; it, in effect, was the catalyst of their motion toward hell. This love led them, and they in their passivity allowed themselves to be led. In fact, when the speaker addresses one of the souls described as being in motion â€Å"through the lurid air† (16), the same soul is described as â€Å"benign,† and this gives an idea of stillness and passivity that hints that the energy for its motion is generated by an outside source.Love is a slave-driver to all of them, continually making them move toward things they otherwise might not have chosen. Some even killed themselves for love, and this signifies a motion toward death that ushered their entrance into hell. Strangely, Achilles was somehow able to deviate slightly from this trend. He, after being ruled by love for so long, makes a motion toward self-government and fights with love. There is no evidence of his triumph, however, as he remains one of the captives of hell.In order to allow the lover Francesca to tell her story, the motions of the winds hush and the seas become quiet. A level of calm is depicted in the cessation of the motion of elements even beyond the dominion of hell. The city of the speaker’s birth rests its weight upon the seashore, and this motion effects the stillness of the waves. The river Po is seen as descending in order to have peace, so it too moves from motion to stillness. Prior to this, a quasi-invocation to the â€Å"King of the universe† (16) was given by the speaker for Francesca’s peace.Its effect is this stillness that would allow her to speak of happier times, and grant her at least a res pite, if not complete relief. This seems to point toward a purgatorial notion of hell, where the living can pray to God for the succour of the damned. It implies that the motions of hell that grant agony to the spirits can be shielded by a divine Hand, further implying that hell itself is driven by an even greater power than itself.It is evident that the images of motion in the fifth canto of Dante’s Inferno create a dynamic theme that moves the reader along from the entrance to the portal through to the other dimensions of hell. The motions are indicative of the authority of hell over the souls that are quartered there. Ideas of abasement are dominant in the souls’ lack of autonomy, in their compulsion to do the will of the forces that surround them.Their spirits are flung upon winds, just as in life their wills were navigated by their desires. Other motions tell of a hell as a battlefield of lost causes, as the spirits are doomed, regardless of any desire they might have to fight. The nature of hell is to subdue and to punish, and its motions are ministrants of power that deals out anguish.

Neuroscience Major Program Application Essay Example

Neuroscience Major Program Application Essay Example Neuroscience Major Program Application Essay – Admission/Application Essay Example Neuroscience Application Essay Number For a very long time now I have remained transfixed on the subject of neuroscience. I essentially breathe, think and dream neuroscience. It is evidently a field with a lot more to discover, a plethora of questions to answer and hypotheses to test and prove/ discard. The cognitive and behavioral stream of it has particularly evoked serious thought and curiosity in me over time that I have come to desire to study it. From time immemorial, I have been constantly puzzled by how the brain works, especially its ability to handle various languages. As I can communicate in Korean, Japanese and English, I have had no problems in life answering people who inquire about what language I dream in (which is all the three mentioned), what I have had trouble explaining is what language I think in. I had never noticed what people refer to as the ‘voice in your head’ until I was asked about it. And when I try to isolate this language of my mind, my thought process gets distracted and I intentionally bring up languages in my mind. I have hence become deeply curious concerning what the brain is doing when processing our conversations and switching from one language to another. Unearthing how languages shape and alter perception is another core interest. The process of how the brain acquires new languages and organizes them while putting them in sync with the knowledge and feelings that one described in a known language is another curiosity I want to satisfy. In the end and as a result of my silent and personal interaction with neuroscience I have grown immensely attached to the field and have had my sights set on it for quite some time now. It is in this field that I can truly assert myself and obtain a chance to realize my full potential while advancing modern knowledge to newer and noble heights. I consider this opportunity a fresh chapter in my life, a gateway for success, self-satisfaction and the realization of dreams. References Longstaff, A. (2000). Neuroscience. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers. Purves, D. (2008). Neuroscience (4th Ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. White, J. S. (2008). Neuroscience (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Reward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reward - Essay Example Thus, in reality, women face a lot of challenges within the labor relations. They are discriminated from certain employment, from private employers, labor unions and employment agencies within hiring and job placement processes and promotional opportunities. They are even paid lower wages. For that purpose examination of the given question should be done. In the following report the term equal pay and its legal position in UK law will be examined. Strategic and practical steps in ensuring pay equality will be outlined with the reference to HRM strategy and policy. Methods and techniques of pay and reward will be evaluated. Equity in pay for certain work is essential to all people and is associated with the satisfaction of the level of pay, according to Bratton and Gold (2012). However, due to the current economic considerations that perceive pay to be dictated by the forces of the supply and demand of labor, the term of equity in pay is in conflict. For such peculiar country as UK, equal pay legislation exists for more than forty years, while the legal rules are developed and amended in 2010 with the implementation of the Equality Act. Moreover, the Labor Organization’s Convention is aimed to provide all employees with the principle of equal pay and value all work made by men and women equally. However, despite such rules, there are still many problems identified with equal pay in the UK, and most notably the issues are observed with gender pay gap. According to Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (2015), equal pay refers to employers’ provision of equal treatment of men and w omen employees and ensuring of good working conditions within their employment contract. Whether it is a work that one likes or that, which one rates as equivalent under a job evaluation study, a work should have equal value in terms of human efforts and skill. Equal Pay Portal (2015) states, that it is the main principle for employers to provide an equal pay for

European School of Business London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European School of Business London - Essay Example In October 2007, I have worked as the Private Equity Advisor EBS, at Oestrich-Winkel and as the Estate Developer, with FH Kufstein. Besides this, I have also done my internships with Otto M. Schrder Bank AG, Lukas Bauprojekt GmbH and Aengevelt Immobilien GmbH & Co. KG. I have also worked as a Business Analyst, for Angermann M&A Int. GmbH. I am fluent with English, Spanish and Latin and love to play tennis, ski, travel, trade with stocks and derivatives in my free time. Evidently, I have made use of every opportunity that ahs come my way, to make myself eligible for getting into your esteemed school. I have chosen the European School of Business, since I understand that it is the perfect place to study business. It has great international exposure, which is essential for students and budding entrepreneurs. The award-winning integrated courses are indeed courses that help students get into the real world of business. The importance attached to language skills has again made me feel t hat this si the place where I would like to study, since I have gained fluency in a few languages, as well. Keep

Performance Measurement and Management Assignment

Performance Measurement and Management - Assignment Example This is also ensures that transparency is achieved because stakeholders are informed on the choices the organization intends to take. In addition, it assists an organization to monitor its progress towards its set objectives and standards of performance (Lichiello and Turnock, 2010). In addition, Myer (2005) highlights that performance management is the coordination of activities, which ensures that organizational goals are effectively achieved. It is also the use of performance measures and standards by an organization to ensure that the desired results are met Lichiello and Turnluck, 2010). In performance management, an organization matches its resources, systems and workforce towards desired objectives. Employees, organizations departments and processes in the organization can be the basis of performance management (Lichiello and Turnock, 2010). Myer (2005) also highlights that the benefits of performance management include; reduced costs by decreasing the time of achieving goals and reducing project overruns, motivation of employees by using incentive plans for goals achieved, improved engagement and transparency, and lastly, improved control of organization activities through proper data relationships. This paper will highlight and describe in detail the va rious performance measures that can be used by Allulite Windows and Joinery in measuring performance, and it will emphasize on the balanced score card approach and why it is favorable for the company than any other methods. In general, the metrics of measuring performance in an organization can be broadly classified into financial and nonfinancial measures. Some of the financial measures include the Return on Investment (ROI), Residual income (RI) and discounted cash flow methods such as the NPV method. On the other hand, the nonfinancial performance measures include

Political Philosophy 3 paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Political Philosophy 3 paper - Essay Example Therefore, this essay will delve on two Greek philosophers, Epictetus and Epicurus, to try to understand their ideologies regarding the importance of living life without having to worry of the occurrence of death. According to ancient philosophy, Epicurus was an ancient philosopher that lived between two hundred and seventy one and three hundred and forty one B.C. He founded his school of philosophy in Athens where he spent most of his life. Epicurus was a philosopher who related the aspect of pleasure with good and the aspect of bad with pain concerning living. This concept became Hedonism, a Greek word meaning pleasure. For Epicurus, being sensuous and exalting life did not quantify for Epicureanism to form opinion on the views of living. However, Epicurus was of the belief that a pleasurable life came from having calm emotions through the appreciation of simple but beautiful pleasantries of life. These pleasures include good company of friends, a healthy diet, morally upright behavior, and good personal health. This meant that people were not to worry about death, but only had to concern themselves with pleasure and pain (Pojman 531). Therefore, Epicurus believed that death was not a feeli ng hence advising people not to be fearful of death. Ideally, this philosopher was a great believer in the doctrines of philosophy because to him philosophy was a constant factor in the life of any individual. Further, Epicurus felt that people needed to focus on the aspects of life that made them happy as part of living a fulfilled life. However, this philosopher had a queer belief in matters related to God and other gods, but acknowledged their existence. In essence, Epicurus believed that these higher deities received much accreditation for what they truly were not. For him, ill fate befell those that lived wicked lives and blessings followed those that did well hence

Causes And Effects Of Food Insecurity Environmental Sciences Essay

Causes And Effects Of Food Insecurity Environmental Sciences Essay State reconstruction is primarily aimed at restoring peace and stability. One of the key factors that threaten peace and stability is food insecurity. This paper focuses on the key challenge of improving food security in protracted crises as well as during post conflict times. The goal of achieving  food security often becomes a daunting challenge, especially when emergencies persist for years or even decades as evidenced in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and Somalia. The paper begins with a brief overview of what food security entails, structural factors hindering food security as well as the effects of food insecurity. This will be followed by a glimpse into the protracted situation in the DRC as well as suitable frameworks for analyzing and responding to protracted crises. It concludes with recommendations on how to improve food security in protracted crises. The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security to be existing when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle. Food security means that: Food is available The amount and quality of food available globally, nationally and locally can be affected temporarily or for long periods by many factors including climate, disasters, war, civil unrest, population size and growth, agricultural practices, environment, social status and trade. Food is affordable When there is a shortage of food prices increase and while richer people will likely still be able to feed themselves, poorer people may have difficulty obtaining sufficient safe and nutritious food without assistance. Food is utilised At the household level, sufficient and varied food needs to be prepared safely so that people can grow and develop normally, meet their energy needs and avoid disease. Food security is considered a complex sustainable development issue, linked to health through malnutrition, but also to sustainable economic development, environment, and trade. There is debate around food security with some arguing that: There is enough food in the world to feed everyone adequately; the problem is distribution. Future food needs can or cannot be met by current levels of production. National food security is essential or no longer necessary because of global trade. Globalization may or may not lead to the persistence of food insecurity and poverty in rural communities. Issues such as whether households get enough food, how it is distributed within the household and whether that food fulfils the nutrition needs of all members of the household show that food security is clearly linked to health. Agriculture remains the largest employment sector in most developing countries and international agriculture agreements are crucial to a countrys food security. Some critics argue that trade liberalization may reduce a countrys food security by reducing agricultural employment levels. 3. Structural Factors Institutional failure, non-existent or weak public and informal institutions are arguably the primary source of protracted crises and food insecurity. This is due to the fact that basic public services such as health, education and protection are inadequately and ineffectively provided if at all. Poor governance of land use and access fuels disputes over land in these crisis situations and impacts negatively on food security in that agricultural production is hampered and investments to increase food production decrease when access to land becomes insecure. Unequal access of land is common in protracted situations of the DRC, Somalia and Sudan and a typical example is when the powerful politico-military rewards their supporters with extra land in an effort to secure their support base. This results in the majority of land being the property of a small number of landowners and the rest of small farmers being marginalized. State reconstruction became hindered when the economy of the DR C collapsed due to the powerful elite exploiting the countrys economic resources. Informal and cultural institutions also play a role in easing the burden of conflicts and can prove to be more effective than weak or collapsed formal institutions. A perfect example in this regard is the local council in the DRC known as chambres de paix that comprised of community elders who investigated and settled land disputes between farmers on the basis of compromise. ¹ This form of justice system became the most trusted mechanism for providing protection to farmers and as a result, farmers no longer trusted the formal corrupt justice system and local courts which traditionally failed to afford them legal protection and justice. However, protracted crises have had a bad effect on informal institutions and thus deprived them of mitigating against the crises. For instance, in Sudan traditional elder authorities were eradicated by military forces. ² 4. Causes and Effects of Food Insecurity Poverty Poor people lack access to sufficient resources to produce or buy quality food. Poor farmers may have very small farms, use less effective farming techniques, and/or be unable to afford fertilisers and labour-saving equipment, all of which limit food production. They often find it difficult to grow enough food for themselves, let alone generate income by selling excess to others. Without economic resources and a political voice, poor farmers may be forced on to less productive land possibly causing further environmental deterioration. Addressing poverty is critical to ensuring that all people have sufficient food. Health Without sufficient calories and nutrients, the body slows down, making it difficult to undertake the work needed to produce food. Without good health, the body is also less able to make use of the food that is available. A hungry mother will give birth to an underweight baby, who then faces a future of stunted growth, frequent illness, learning disabilities and reduced resistance to disease. Contaminated food and water can cause illness, nutrient loss and often death in children. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has reduced food production in many affected countries as productive adults become ill or die. Lacking the labour, resources and know-how to grow staples and commercial crops, many households have shifted to cultivating survival foods or even leaving their fields, further reducing the food supply. Addressing health issues will improve utilisation and availability of food. Water and the environment Food production requires massive amounts of water. Producing sufficient food is directly related to having sufficient water. Irrigation can ensure an adequate and reliable supply of water which increases yields of most crops. Where water is scarce, achieving food security may depend on importing food from countries with an abundance of water. This may be a more efficient use of a scarce resource. Gender equity Women play a vital role in providing food and nutrition for their families through their roles as food producers, processors, traders and income earners. Yet womens lower social and economic status limits their access to education, training, land ownership, decision making and credit and their ability to improve their access to and use of food. Food utilisation can be enhanced by improving womens knowledge of nutrition and food safety and the prevention of illnesses. Increasing womens involvement in decision making and their access to land and credit will in turn improve food security as women invest in fertilisers and better seeds, labour-saving tools, irrigation and land care. Disasters and conflicts Droughts, floods, cyclones and pests can quickly wipe out large quantities of food as it grows or when it is in storage for later use. Seeds can also be destroyed by such environmental dangers. Conflict can also reduce or destroy food in production or storage as farmers flee to safety or become involved in the fighting. Previously productive land may be contaminated with explosive debris and need to be cleared before it can again be used for food production. Stored food, seeds and breeding livestock may be eaten or destroyed by soldiers, leading to long-term food shortages. Government spending needs to prioritise food security after conflicts. Population and urbanisation Population growth increases the demand for food. With most productive land already in use, there is pressure for this land to become more productive. Poor harvests and higher costs lead many poor farmers to migrate to cities to look for work. Expanding cities spread out across productive land, pushing food production further and further away from consumers. This increases the cost of all the activities associated with producing and transporting food, and decreases the food security of the poor in cities. Trade Many poor countries can produce staples more cheaply than rich nations but barriers to trade, such as distance from markets, regulations and tariffs make it difficult for them to compete in export markets against highly subsidised farmers in rich countries. This deprives poor farmers of income and entire countries of the agricultural base they need to develop other sectors of the economy. Trade imbalances prevent poor countries from importing agricultural products that could enhance their food security. The negative effects of food insecurity include impaired physical and cognitive abilities of children. Generally, food insecurity and hunger amounts to poor health status, making children sick more often, with higher rates of iron deficiency anemia, and also results in children being frequently hospitalized. In Somalia, for example, 20 percent of children die before the age of five. The nutritional status of women is also a major concern. They are mainly farmers and are usually carers of their families. It has been reported that two-thirds of women in the Horn of Africa suffer from anaemia, which is partly attributed to the high levels of maternal mortality. 5. Protracted Crises The term is defined as conflict situations characterized by the prolonged and often violent struggle by communal groups for such basic needs as security, recognition, acceptance, fair access to political institutions, and economic participation. ³ 5.1 DRC Democratic Republic of Congo is listed as one of the worst humanitarian crises. Its five-year war ended in 2003. The country is rich with gold, diamonds and minerals, yet millions of its people suffer from a lethal combination of disease and hunger caused by ongoing conflict and displacement. 5.4 million people were declared dead since 1998 from war-related violence, hunger and disease. The devastating effects of pre-war land policies on the rural people of DRC have intensified since the war. Land is at center stage of conflict, especially in the regions such as Ituri and Masisi. It has also become an important resource to warring factions because through their control over land, they have reinforced their political position to the disadvantage of small farmers. A study undertaken by FAO concluded that food insecurity in the DRC can be tackled through interventions that focus on land access and that possible interventions include the strengthening of the legal position of rural populations and the strengthening of the role of community representatives in land issues. The study also focused on the structural impact of the protracted crisis on local food systems and the effects and limits of food security interventions. 6. Frameworks for Analysis and Response In protracted crises, food security interventions tend to be based on a standardized set of responses that do not consider the dynamic nature of protracted crises. Such interventions usually focus on food production and neglect other dimensions of food security. Responses to these situations are of a humanitarian/emergency nature. They contribute to saving lives and to protecting livelihoods but are inadequate for addressing the complex root causes of these crises. Stated differently, traditional humanitarian and development approaches are often not suitable for guiding analysis and response. Organizations that intervene in these situations tend to concentrate on one side of the humanitarian/development divide and plan their response accordingly. The studies show that assistance is often externally driven and very few donors commit to longer term development once the acute phase of a crisis passes and thus disregard the root causes of the crisis unresolved. In the DRC and Sudan, analytical tools that were employed wrongly suggested that food insecurity in those countries were livelihoods crises at the household level caused by external factors. As a result, contextual analysis was not undertaken. Alinovi et al therefore suggest that a new operational framework for food security in protracted crises should: †¢ have an overarching livelihoods-based framework to represent various processes at the global level and the effects of those processes at the household level; †¢ highlight appropriate food security responses policies and programmes; †¢ identify institutions that play a positive (or negative) role in strengthening the resilience of food systems; and †¢ identify institutions that are necessary for implementing food security response. Conclusion It is necessary to address both the short and long term dimensions of protracted crises in order to have an impact on increasing food security and thus prevent and/or mitigate the adverse effects of food insecurity, especially in protracted crises. The current aid architecture also needs to be reformed so that it is flexible enough to link short and longer term response. Response must be based on adequate analysis, including institutional analysis of these complex situations. Acting without adequate analysis may reduce the effectiveness of response and, in the worst cases, make the situation even worse. The eradication of hunger and food insecurity must be considered a long-term development goal. Food insecurity cannot be addressed in isolation. Progress needs to be made also with relation to goals set in other pressing areas, including poverty alleviation; education and literacy; reductions in infant, child and maternal mortality; improved reproductive health; and environmental protection. The countries in protracted crises should establish their own regional and national targets as well as associated indicators. These goals should be achieved within the framework of human rights. This rights-based approach acknowledges the responsibility of national governments and their international partners in fulfilling peoples fundamental rights, including freedom from hunger. Community participation should also be encouraged to ensure that beneficiaries participate in all decisions affecting their lives. Women should also have an equal voice in decision-making.